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- THE GULF, Page 26"He Gives Us a Ray of Hope"
-
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- Despite the blood on his hands, Saddam's emotional appeals have
- aroused surprising Arab support. That could prove hard to
- dispel.
-
- By OTTO FRIEDRICH -- Reported by James Wilde/Amman, with other
- bureaus
-
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- In Western eyes, Saddam Hussein is a killer, a bloodthirsty
- tyrant, a new Hitler. But to many Arabs he is a hero, the
- charismatic champion of pan-Arab nationalism, the resolute foe
- of "imperialist" interventions they long for. Perhaps one of
- the most surprising, and dangerous, concussions from the gulf
- crisis has been the deep vein of potent Arab emotions uncovered
- by Saddam's actions and appeals. His confrontation with America
- has stirred strong pride among people bitter over generations
- of Arab humiliation and foreign interference. His subversive
- appeal to poor Arabs has struck a chord: "Make it clear to your
- rulers, the emirs of oil, as they serve the foreigner: tell the
- traitors there is no place for them on Arab soil after they
- humiliated Arab honor and dignity." Even some who admire
- neither the repressive dictator nor his rape of Kuwait are
- attracted by his rhetoric of Arab greatness.
-
- Logic in the Arab world is often eclipsed by emotion.
- Saddam's populist message against corrupt regimes kept in
- control by American and Zionist powers, and the swagger of a
- leader who can and will fight them, has had an intoxicating
- effect on the dispossessed across national boundaries. To
- Palestinians in the West Bank and Jordan, in Yemen, in Tunisia
- and in the Sudan, where large numbers of the destitute live,
- Saddam offers a ray of hope. They believe they can only benefit
- from a violent reshuffling of the regional status quo.
-
- But in countries like Egypt, where the ordinary Arab has
- firsthand knowledge of Saddam's brutal rule, his rhetoric has
- mostly fallen on deaf ears. Some 2 million Egyptians went to
- work in Iraq during the Iranian war, and many were cheated,
- mistreated, pressed into military service, even killed. "His
- treatment of Egyptian workers has been barbaric," said an
- Egyptian journalist. "We cannot forgive him for that." In the
- princely states of the gulf, most regard Saddam with horror:
- after Kuwait, he is a real threat to their own security and
- prosperity.
-
- No one knows if the forces Saddam has unleashed will vanish
- along with this crisis, but the emotions he has tapped run
- deep. One is the widespread sense among Arab nationalists that
- the region's oil wealth is unfairly divided, that most of it
- goes to the selfish "oil emirs" of the Persian Gulf and very
- little to the millions of working people who live in poverty.
- The oil belongs to all Arabs, says Jordanian newspaperman Ramai
- Khoury. "This wealth is our only chance to develop the Arab
- world. People know Saddam wants to help the poor Arab nations."
-
- Second is Arab xenophobia, the abiding hatred of foreigners
- -- specifically Europeans and Americans -- who have long
- divided, despoiled and dishonored the once powerful Arab world.
- Many Arabs share Saddam's complaint that the boundaries of the
- present-day Middle East were imposed arbitrarily by colonial
- rulers after World War I. And their anger was only intensified
- after World War II when Europe and America allowed another
- wave of usurpers, the Jews, to stake their ancient claim to
- Middle Eastern land. Regardless of their nationality, the Arabs
- still share an almost universal hatred of Israel as an
- aggressor and oppressor, and nothing since its founding has
- diminished that. Though these views may be exaggerated, even
- somewhat irrational, they are undeniably powerful.
-
- In the past two weeks Saddam supporters took to the streets
- across the Arab world. "No to America! No to Jews!" shouted
- thousands of Yemenites marching through their capital of San`a.
- Similar demonstrations erupted in Jordan, Syria, Algeria,
- Tunisia, the Sudan. "Foreigner, go home! War is coming!"
- shouted a Jordanian driving a Mercedes in downtown Amman. Then
- he slashed his hand across his throat. "Touch Iraq, and the
- whole Arab world will tear you to pieces!"
-
- This is not just a matter of street-corner threats. Educated
- and experienced Arabs say similar things, with passionate
- conviction. "I love any Arab leader who will unite the Arabs,
- even by force," says Major General Yusuf Kawash, a retired
- Jordanian army officer who once studied in the U.S. "We want
- to see one empire restoring our culture to its former glory."
-
- One of Saddam's most telling charges is against what is
- widely perceived as the double standard practiced by the West.
- Why did the U.S. not react with the same force when Israel
- occupied the West Bank and Gaza? The argument, of course,
- ignores the fact that Israel moved into the West Bank only
- after Jordan entered the Six-Day War, but that does not
- diminish its force among Arabs. "The big trouble with the
- Americans is that they don't propose sanctions against Israel,
- but only against Iraq," says Elia Khoury, assistant Anglican
- archbishop in Amman. "They are blinded by Zionist influence."
-
- Khoury is a Palestinian, a member of the P.L.O. Executive
- Committee, and the Palestinians have rallied to Saddam more
- strongly than almost any other Arabs. They owe Saddam for his
- public support of the Palestine Liberation Organization, they
- embrace his hostility to Israel, and they feel their own
- position is so hopeless. Explains Saeb Erakat, a political
- science professor at An-Najah University, in the West Bank city
- of Nablus: "We have nothing to lose."
-
- The Palestinians remain at the center of the argument
- because their continuing homelessness is still the most
- rankling problem in the area. They and their supporters
- bitterly resent the Israelis' refusal to negotiate, the U.S.'s
- failure to overcome that refusal, and the Palestinians' own
- inability to do much more than throw stones. Saddam seems the
- only Arab leader capable of making Israel tremble. Palestinian
- hatred for the all-powerful Isis so violent that pro-Saddam
- demonstrators in the West Bank even carried placards last week
- urging their hero to GAS THE ZIONISTS.
-
- But Arab support for Saddam is by no means limited to
- Palestinians. The borders drawn since the colonial era seem to
- many Arabs to have been devised mainly to make the region's oil
- safely and cheaply available to the West. Jordan, Syria and
- Tunisia are classic have-not nations; they have no oil. They
- watched as tiny city-states grew fabulously rich while their
- citizens were imported as cheap labor. The glaring disparities
- bred further resentment and class tensions. In economic terms,
- the have-nots see little future except as part of that dream
- kingdom known as the Arab Nation.
-
- What Westerners see as Saddam's megalomaniacal claim to lead
- the Arab world appears to many Arabs as the natural response
- to a role in search of a hero. Few foreigners understand how
- Arabs yearn for a return of the puissant and united Arab world
- that dominated the globe in the 7th and 8th centuries. The
- intervening years have brought little but humiliation and
- division. Egypt's now revered Gamal Abdel Nasser breathed life
- into that dream when he seized the Suez Canal in 1956; so did
- Libya's Muammar Gaddafi when he led the Arab oil producers to
- triple the price of crude in 1973. Such paladins of Arab
- nationalism portray themselves as the reincarnation of the
- mighty Saladin, who pushed out the Christian crusaders in the
- 12th century.
-
- Some observers discount today's support for Saddam, all the
- noisy threats and curses, as traditional Arab rhetoric, and
- they judge the demonstrations insignificant in the long term.
- They believe Saddam's momentary personal popularity will vanish
- as his true qualities are exposed. But others see the
- historical tensions he has uncovered as harder to dispel. The
- forces of anti-Western nationalism could grow stronger and more
- violent, particularly if the U.S. gets embroiled in a shooting
- war, or if its intervention turns into a kind of long-term
- occupation. Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak last week observed
- that the Arab mind is "as changeable as the weather." But Arab
- League Ambassador to the U.S. Clovis Maksoud saw signs of new
- windstorms. "The Arab world is never going to be the same," he
- said. "History will not be made just for us. It has to be made
- by us."
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